Its name means "being under the forest". Known for its mercenary service in the 16th century, it was one of the cantons, which declined the Helvetian Republic, which was established by the French troops after the revolution of 1789. It had to accept the new republic, when it was beaten by France. 

Formerly known under the name of Unterwalden, the cantons Nidwalden and Obwalden belong with Schwyz and Uri to the original members of the Swiss confederation in 1291.  

Although united until the split in 1798, when both cantons received a political vote each in Swiss politics, the Nidwalden and Obwalden never were one legal entity.  

Its emblem shows the key of St. Peter, who is the patron saint of Nidwalden. It is shown twice on order to separate from the canton of Obwalden.